Annotated Bibliography On Database Management System

Abstract: There are many restrictions on the write and read operations in database management system. These restrictions show the measurable effect on the each and every transaction in the database management system and which are due to some specific operations. The transactions are not only read that data from database all the time but sometime some transaction need to delete the data items from database and create the data items into database. Such type of transactions show high impact on concurrency control. So, we are analyzing how those transaction bias the concurrency control in database management system. Introduction: The basic problem of concurrency control is sharing the data in database at a time by many numbers of users. Due to many users accessing data at a time which causes to produce the undesirable output or system failure even the transaction is correct. This problem may not occur due to read operations. This problem is due to manipulating data in database such that performing creates, modify and write operations on data items. The delete operation has capability of deleting the data items which is similar to modify operation. And the insert operation have able to create a new data items and assign the values if data items are not exist before staring the transaction which is similar to the create and write operation in database. The delete operation can be performed on when the data items exists on database. If we perform the delete operationShow MoreRelatedAnnotated Bibliography On Database Management System Essay1014 Words   |  5 PagesPearson Cape Town Campus Introduction to Databases project Student Number: MB2014-0413 Teacher: Andrew Davies Due Date: 23/09/2016 Contents Page Page 1†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Cover Page Page 2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Contents Page Page 3-5†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Question 1 Page 6-12†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Optional Access Screenshots Page 13-18†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Question 2 Page 19†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦References and Bibliography Question 1 1.1) Database Database is defined as a set of related data inRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Database Management Systems1207 Words   |  5 Pageseasily accessible. Finally, the invention of the computers led to the evolution of databases. Databases are important, because thanks to them humans are able to store and later on retrieve information. The way in which databases arise is very simple. It all begins as a list in a word-processing system. As the size of the list increases, the data starts to appear inconsistent. If this occurs, Database Management Systems come to help, due to the fact they can store a large amount of information in aRead MoreThe Concept Of Reference Management As Seen The Eyes Of Author Dianne Ridley1289 Words   |  6 Pagesthis study will be to discuss the concept of reference management as seen in the eyes of author Dianne Ridley. Micro finance and economics in rural areas Microfinance also known as microcredit is the provision of financial services to small businesses or groups of entrepreneurs in an effort to eradicate poverty. This is most common to developing or third world countries and is provided to people who don’t qualify for the formal banking system, in other words people without collateral, credit historyRead MoreA Research On Environmental Management And Conservation1637 Words   |  7 PagesThe following annotated bibliography covers a breath of topics under the major topic theme Environmental Management and Conservation. It was created as a starting point for building my knowledge of GIS tools used in environmental management and conservation for my concept map. The authors present an exploratory study using purposive testing among four different groups (scientist, non-scientist, agency manager and social scientist) included in the Coastal Landscape Analysis Modelling Study (CLAMS)Read MoreAnnotated Bibliography1329 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Annotated Bibliography Galen College of Nursing Annotated Bibliography Mayo Clinic (2011). Personal health record: A tool for managing your health. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/personal-health-record/MY00665 This source talks about how electronic health records makes it easy to gather and manage medical information in a secure location (Mayo Clinic, 2001, pg. 1). They explain what a health record is and what goes into it. The advantages and disadvantages toRead MoreManaging Information Security Risks: The Octave Approach1635 Words   |  6 PagesAddison-Wesley Professional, 2008 (ISBN: 978-0321509178). In this book Allen et al discusses the risk management plans for IT managers. The book notes that there is no silver bullet for information security risks. The best practices are what should be used in handling the IT risks. Berber, M.; von Solms, R.; Overbeek, P. Formalizing Information Security Requirements. Information Management and Computer Security 9, 1 (2001): 32-37. In this paper, Berber et al discusses ways of formalizing informationRead MoreInformation Systems For Business Professionals1810 Words   |  8 PagesCOIT20274: Information Systems for Business Professionals (T3, 2015) Annotated Bibliography Assignment 1 Rahul Joshi S0280273 Due date 11 December 2015 Date Submitted 11 December 2015 Tutor Dr. Robert Wu Central Queensland University Sydney, Australia Introduction: This report is prepared for Ms Toni Carlos, an owner of small business called EIA (Education In Australia). The business was establishedRead MoreUnderstanding Nursing Practices: An Assignment1480 Words   |  6 PagesA: Von Bertalaniffy. (1969). General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications (Revised Edition). George Braziller Inc. 0807604534. Everett M. Rogers: (1997). Diffusion of Innovations Theory. HYPERLINK http://www.tcw.utwente.nl/theorieenoverzicht/Theory clusters/Communication and Information http://www.tcw.utwente.nl/theorieenoverzicht/Theory clusters/Communication and Information Technology B: Drack, Manfred. (2007). On the Making of a System Theory of Life: Paul A Weiss and LudwigRead MoreA New Event Planner Entrepreneur, And New Computer Technology Essay1231 Words   |  5 Pagesinformation in an annotated bibliography. As a new event planner entrepreneur, I conducted research on what’s trending in the event planning industry and my top trends were creativity, event-driven marketing (EDM), and new computer technology. An extension of the project required an archive-based qualitative approach to one of the trends. I chose to conduct research on EDM based on the following factors: 1) EDM presented a distinct approach to direct marketing and traditional database marketing whichRead MoreImpact of Ict on Society2585 Words   |  11 PagesSISAT School of Information Systems Technology Faculty of Informatics ISIT900 Fundamentals of Contemporary Technologies Impact of ICT on Society Table of Contents PART A 1 1. Introduction 1 2. The annotations 1 2.1 Scholarly journal articles 1 2.2 Conference papers 1 2.3 Newspaper articles 1 2.4 Internet sources 1 3. Conclusion 2 Annotated Bibliographies 3 PART B (Endnote) 6 4. Introduction 6 5. The Endnote advantages 6 6. The Endnote disadvantages 7 7. The Recommendations 8

What Are The Most Important Issues Discussed In The EU-Russia Dialogue Free Essays

In your opinion, what are the most important issues discussed in the EU-Russia dialogue, and why? How can the problems in the relations be solved? Experts believe that today Brussels and Moscow go through worst times in the history of bilateral relations. On the one hand, both sides are interested in collaboration, development of joint projects and strengthening of friendly ties. But on the other hand it’s really hard to come to a mutually agreeable solution, because of strained relations between Russia and individual EU member states and unwillingness to listen to each other. We will write a custom essay sample on What Are The Most Important Issues Discussed In The EU-Russia Dialogue or any similar topic only for you Order Now The most contentious issues for both sides are: visa-free arrangements; violation of human rights; economic and energy cooperation. Discussions about first issue last long and one can’t say when they will come to the end. EU concerns about it are understandable, because in the case of visa-free regime a lot of immigrants from former USSR will captivate Europe. And not only them, but also criminals will come there. As to second problem, there is contradictory point of view. On the one hand, Russia is independent state with own laws and rules and nobody can intervene in its affairs. But also we shouldn’t forget that Russia signed lots of conventions and treaties, dedicated to different aspects of human rights, and it has to adhere them. The last one is very important for both sides. Statistics say that more than half of Russian foreign trade accrues to European Union. At the same time Russia is the partner number three for EU economy. And the problem of energy supplies is still actual. Solutions: To tell the truth, problems between EU and Russia can’t be solved in one moment. It will take a lot of time, energy, lots of mutual agreements before they will be able to settle their problem. Also from my point of view, both sides should forget about egoism and try to understand that now when whole world is globalised and interdependent the most precious skill for all states is to make concessions. How to cite What Are The Most Important Issues Discussed In The EU-Russia Dialogue, Papers

Scientfic Investigatory Project Essay Sample free essay sample

Analyzing in College is really expensive. Still. many pupils are trusting that they can accomplish their end in life by analyzing as their key to success despite of many jobs that they encountered particularly in their fiscal aid. In college. even though more pupils are responsible on how to budget the given allowance for day-to-day intents but still much of them experienced deficiency of fiscal support for the ground that there’s a batch of things you need to carry through in college which needs money. This factor has greatly affected to the pupils because it will travel to the point that they can’t spend to purchase things for their ain involvement. As what we noticed today. commercial merchandises are acquiring expensive which more of us can’t afford and one of this is the organic structure pulverization merchandise either we admit it or non we want this things as a pupil. This factor gives us an thought to look into a pulverization which is low-cost but applicable to utilize to the organic structure which we merely non merely for holding it but to assist and gives part to our female parent Earth as it is environmental friendly merchandise which is made from the infusion of Manihot Esculenta ( manioc ) which undergo through traditional procedures. Having this merchandise is non merely best used as an option from the commercial organic structure pulverization and salvaging the planet Earth but to assist us moisture our dry and unsmooth tegument as one of the tegument job that the pupils experienced from excessively much exposure from the heat of the Sun. Based on our experimentation. we conclude that the organic structure pulverization made from Manihot Esculenta is effectual to utilize in the organic structure which helps humidify our tegument from waterlessness and raggedness. Aim* Use as an alternate pulverization to a commercial organic structure powder * Helps to humidify dry and unsmooth tegument* To bring forth an environmental friendly organic structure pulverization merchandise Methodology Materials: 1 piece of Manihot Esculenta Knife Strainer GraterWater 1 piece of Clean Cloth 3 pieces of Tupperware Champaca Flower Procedure: 1. Wash the Manihot Esculenta to do certain that it is clean and so skin it utilizing knife. 2. Crunch the Manihot Esculenta and do certain you have prepared a tupperware under the grater. 3. After crunching the Manihot Esculenta. add a little sum of H2O and assorted them good. 4. Fix another tupperware and put the strainer on top of it where you have to strive the swot Manihot Esculenta to acquire the infusion of it. 5. Again. fix another Tupperware and put a piece of clean fabric on top of it where you have to strive the infusion of Manihot Esculenta to do certain it is absolutely strained. 6. Blend the infusion for a small minute and merely left it for 30 proceedingss until it looks clear. In this minute. you will see atthe exceed the xanthous infusion while at the underside the white midst moisture pulverization. 7. After 30 proceedingss. dispose the xanthous infusion and merely go forth the white midst moisture pulverization on the tupperware. 8. Add a little sum of H2O on the white midst moisture pulverization and blend them for a minute and so go forth it for 30 proceedingss until it looks clear once more. 9. Dispose the clear H2O and merely go forth once more the white midst moisture pulverization and set it in a topographic point where it will captured by the heat of the Sun. 10. When it looks like a dry pulverization. removed it from the heat of the Sun and so broke it into little pieces until it truly looks like a organic structure pulverization. Finally. closely pack the pulverization together with the champaca flower which helps scented the pulverization. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONWe can do a natural pulverization which is applicable to utilize as a organic structure pulverization made from the infusion of Manihot Esculenta ( manioc ) . The concluding measure before utilizing the concluding infusion of Manihot Esculenta as a chief ingredient to do a pulverization have to undergone these traditional procedures ; Guaranting the cleanliness of Manihot Esculenta by rinsing. shreading. stirring. filtering and last by drying. TRADITIONAL PROCESSES| APPLICATION|Washing| To do certain that the concluding merchandise is clean we have to be responsible that we startedly do the procedure of rinsing. | Shreading| In this procedure. it is of import to shread finely the bare-assed Manihot Esculenta so that we could acquire the infusion fastly. | Stirring| The infusion of Manihot Esculenta should be stirred good to the added little sum of H2O to acquire the balance texture. | Filtering| The infusion of Manihot Esculenta should undergo in the procedure of filtrating to do certain that the concluding merchandise is pure. | Drying| To finalise the infusion to pulverize it should be put in the placed under the heat of the Sun. | Based on our observation. the experiments would be successfully made if it will go through through above procedures. The pulverization made from the infusion of Manihot Esculenta was tested to be effectual as an alternate pulverization for tegument particularly for bristly heat. Analysis OF DATAThe concluding merchandise made by the research workers which is a natural pulverization made from the infusion of Manihot Esculenta have undergone in traditional procedures which is applicable to utilize in the organic structure as a organic structure pulverization. The research workers made the merchandise in traditional manner as their aid and part to the female parent Earth as environmental friendly merchandise. Furthermore. the pulverization made from the infusion of Manihot Esculenta was tested to be a best used merchandise as an option to the commercial merchandise for its naturality and affordability and for its effectiveness in humidifying tegument from waterlessness and raggedness. Recommendation* The research worker should be more resourceful for seeking new information which the Manihot Esculenta applicable for * Try to prove the merchandise if it is applicable to a sensitive tegument * Invest a pulverization which is still made from Manihot Esculenta added with chemical substances Bibliography * hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Food and Agriculture Organization. org/docrep/x5032e/x5032E06. htm* hypertext transfer protocol: //www. nutrition-and-you. com* hypertext transfer protocol: //www. barryfarm. com/

The Divorce Effects

Introduction Divorce involves restructuring of the family where parents separate. When people get married, they get children in the union and who are under the care of both parents. Divorce causes emotional and psychological strain among the parents. The process of divorce is very involving and parents end up as opponents and seek to be independent (Roderick 6). Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Divorce Effects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More After divorce the parents reside in different houses and have to settle with the other about the custody of children. In most cases the children remain in custody of the mother. Although some people believe that parents absorb the major effects of divorce, I believe that divorce has a big effect on children than parents. Discussion on how effects of divorce on children are more than effects on the parents Emotional effects According to Friedman (17), when parent s divorce the family members are affected. The children as well as the parents have to adjust to changes and may take up to two years to settle down. They often have emotions that are triggered by the divorce. In cases where children exposed and saw the parents engage in conflict, children find it more comfortable to live with a single parent and be not see the parents engage in quarrels. On the other hand, some parents keep their differences secret from the children. When they divorce, such children usually have a harder time to cope with the change than children who knew their parents differences. Therefore parents can live in a marriage for the sake of the children. Children encounter difficulty Children from divorced families portray differences from those who grow up in stable families. Divorce affects children’s social life because some have difficulties relating with other members of society when compared with the others. Roderick (pg 8), argues that some children fr om the divorced families may learn skill of copping with difficulties and therefore may end with less problems than those from non divorced families.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The recovery from divorce of the children is depended on the pace of the parent to pull through the difficult times. As Wilson (pg 10) argues, in cases where parents recover quickly, the children were able to cope with changes while those parents who took long to overcome challenges posed by divorce, their children continued manifesting problems like regression. Unprepared to deal with change Young children find it unbearable to deal with divorce of the parents because at their age they have not learnt how to muddle through changes and are thereby not fully ready to handle separation of one of the parents. Most often, boys have a harder time than girls when parents divorce. When they develop pro blems, the divorced wife poorly manages the son’s problems and may liken him with the father besides having her own problems. The problem may include the fact that they had a relationship with the father which is no longer present. Children are affected by the separation of parents. O’Neill (Para 2) reveals that the father figure or the mother figure is important to children. They lose the connection and some support they got from the parent. Loss of one parent Children end up spending limited time with parents. The divorce makes the children live with one parent and may see the other parent at another time. This makes them fail to experience the love and care of the parent who is away. The parents may enter into other relationships where they have to spend some time with the new found partner. The child does not fully enjoy the company of both parents as the parents may be committed to other relationships. Failure in effective parenting Some parents change their style of parenting after divorce as Hughes (Para11) mentions. They abandon some practices that would have benefited the child positively. For instance parents may fail to assist in home work since they relocated due to the divorce. The abandonment of the practices affects the child more than the parent because the child needs quality parenting which they are denied. Children are largely affected by the process of divorce where both parents are adverse enemies. They are affected more than the parent when the two parents extend the fights in court about who is to provide care for the children. The child changes in the way they handle situations and may become irritated easily. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Divorce Effects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They may become criminals and at times attempt to take their life. They may also deliberately neglect authority and at time run away from their home. I n some cases children feel insecure and uncertainty about their future. Children suffer when the parents involve them in the divorce cases. Because parents need someone to confide in, some parents end up discussing their problems with the child. The child gets hurt when they become awre of their parents antagonism towards each other. They get feeling of helplessness since they both parents are important to them. Roderick (Pg 14) supports the claim then process of divorce is traumatizing to the children. For this reason single parents living without divorce are viewed as healthier than families that are conflicting. Moreover, children love to live in a peaceful family rather than a family with violence. Economic effects Children have more problems than parents when affected by changes in economic support. Divorced parents may have economic challenges as suggested by most of the authors. Due to inadequate finances following divorce, the single mother of father may relocate and the ch ildren change the school they attend as a consequence (O’Neill 16). Children lose relationships and friendships that are already and may be required have difficulties copping in the new environment. They may also change their lifestyle due to economic constrains. Psychological effects Children are psychologically affected by divorce. The memories of a good family, when the conflict began and became worse, the divorce process and later the experiences after the divorce remain in the child brain. Another experience that remains to distress children with divorced parents is the movement from one parent’s residence to the other. Such children suffer because they consider that if the situation would change they would have one home (Friedman 27)Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Divorce is stressful and not pleasant. The parents may understand and be willing to go through some changes as a result of the divorce. Children suffer more than the parents because they are neither prepared nor do they understand why they should put up with some changes. The encounter is more unbearable when the parent marries again and divorces again. Change in organization of family Some divorces causes greater loses of relationship with extended family members as well as the organization of a family (Wilson pg 9). The child may lose conduct with the other parents kinsmen like lovely grandparents and only meet them less frequently. During annual parties like a birthday, the child may feel the loss of important members of the extended family and the absence of one parent. Recommendations Children are affected by divorce more than parents because it has negative impact on the child’s maturity. Considerations made when parents choose to divorce do not include the feelings and opinions of the children. Thus children are forced into separating without being involved. Tension increases when one parent influences the child to side with one parent. Friedman (Pg 15) notes that both parents should be committed to follow the progress of their child both in education and in social life. Additionally, parents can make efforts to see their children most often as the children need the figure and emotional support from both parents. Furthermore, parents can also consider staying in the marriage for the sake of the children. This is because children suffer even more than the parents for due to the divorce. Conclusion The effects of divorce cannot be under estimated because children are affected more than their parents. Based on the words of Wilson (pg 1) we can learn that children of divorced parents are affected by the loss of one parent, financial changes that cause change of lifestyle and relocation. They are affected emotionally and psychologically and may end u p with low self esteem and a feeling of helplessness. In addition, stress and memories concerning the divorce remain high among the children and hence they are affected more than the parents. Works Cited Friedman, Debra. Towards a structure of indifference: the social origins of maternal Custody. New York: A. de Gruyter, c1994. O’Neill, William. Divorce in the progressive era. New York, New Viewpoints, 1973 Roderick, Phillips. Putting asunder: a history of divorce in western society. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988. Wilson, Mike. Divorce. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, c2009 This research paper on The Divorce Effects was written and submitted by user Jacqueline D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Seven Things To Do When You Dont Feel Like Writing

Seven Things To Do When You Dont Feel Like Writing Seven Things To Do When You Dont Feel Like Writing Seven Things To Do When You Dont Feel Like Writing By Ali Hale Sometimes, you’ve got an hour or two free – but you don’t feel like writing. All the advice in the world on becoming inspired or getting self-disciplined just isn’t helping you. For whatever reason, you know your ability to string together a new article or story is temporarily absent. This needn’t be a problem: there are lots of writing-related activities that you can usefully get on with whilst waiting for the muse to reappear. Here’s just seven of them: 1. Grab your notebook and start brainstorming Sometimes, a lack of ideas can cause you to get stuck. Maybe you want to write, but you’re not sure what to start on. Find your notebook and a pen, and start scribbling. Mind-map, write a list, use pretty colors – it doesn’t matter. Just get as many ideas down as you can. Once you’re past ten or twenty, you’ll start reaching the creative, original ones. 2. Read some great writing advice Daily Writing Tips is a good place to start. 😉 But there are lots of other blogs out there devoted to all aspects of writing – and hundreds of different books that could help you. Look for something aimed at writers in your genre (poetry, science-fiction, article writing, academic journals, etc). Don’t just skim through a load of advice, though: take a note of any points which make you think â€Å"aha!† and scribble down ideas of how you can apply them to your own work in progress. 3. Organise your writing files This is one writing chore I always put off: organising my files. If you have bits of your novel in a dozen different places on your computer (emails to yourself, Word documents, notes in your journal software, bits you keep online in Google docs†¦) then get it all sorted out. If you’re a freelancer and write for dozens of different markets, start a folder for each. That way, you’ll know exactly what you need to invoice for at the end of the month. 4. Create a portfolio of your writing If you don’t already have one, start a portfolio of your writing. Get together some of your best pieces from the past few years (published or unpublished) and, ideally, put them into one folder on your computer. If you have the online rights to them, you might want to put them onto your website or blog. Now, when you’re writing to editors and agents, you’ll be able to respond straight away if they ask to see samples. And if you’re applying for college-level courses, you’ll have some great examples of your work to include with your application. 5. Research some markets If you’re aiming to be published, you need to do some homework to find out which magazines, websites or publishing companies might be interested in your work. There are lots of ways to do this. You could search on Amazon for books in your genre and see who published them (Amazon lists the publisher on the book details page). Or you could use one of the many websites devoted to writers’ markets – try Jacqui Bennett Writers Bureau for short stories and Ralan’s Webstravaganza for a huge listing of markets. Also check with Writers’ Market or, if you’re in the UK, the Writers’ and Artists’ Yearbook to make sure that company is accepting submissions. 6. Send out some short stories or articles For those of you who know the markets you have in mind – send them some of your work. Proof-read that story languishing on your hard-drive, print it out (double spaced, nice white paper), write a cover letter to the editor, include a self-addressed envelope with return postage, and pop the whole lot in the post. Many markets accept emailed manuscripts, but check the submission guidelines first. 7. Read some great fiction Finally, if all else fails, just put your feet up with a good book. Choose an author who you love, and luxuriate in their prose – but keep half your mind on figuring out why exactly you love their writing, and spotting what techniques they use. Alternatively, pick up something you wouldn’t normally read, and cast a critical eye over the ways in which the style differs from your usual favourites. You’ll almost certainly learn something. What writing-related activities do you get on with when you’re lacking the energy to write? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Yours faithfully or Yours sincerely?The Difference Between "will" and "shall"Confusion of Subjective and Objective Pronouns

28 Lighthearted Quotes From the Harry Potter Novels

28 Lighthearted Quotes From the Harry Potter Novels Despite the sinister plot in author J.K. Rowlings Harry Potter stories, each book has its funny moments. Characters Ron, Fred, George Weasley, and many others add funny quips along with Harry Potters witty jabs, which easily lightens up some very serious situations. And what they have to say reveals a lot about each characters personality too. We have made sure to get at least one quotation from each of the seven  books from the Harry Potter series. Test your memory: Can you recall what was going on at the time of the quote? These quotes are also great as a starting point for book discussions too. Book 1: Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone (Note: published as Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone in the United Kingdom.) Dudley Dursley: They stuff peoples heads down the toilet the first day at Stonewall. Want to come upstairs and practice?Harry James Potter: No, thanks. The poor toilets never had anything as horrible as your head down it - it might be sick. Fred Weasley 1st Twin: Oh, are you a prefect, Percy? You should have said something, we had no idea.George Weasley 2nd Twin: Hang on, I think I remember him saying something about it. Once - Fred Weasley 1st Twin: Or twice - George Weasley 2nd Twin: A minute - Fred Weasley 1st Twin: All summer - Percy Ignatius Weasley: Oh, shut up! Professor Minerva McGonagall: Well, thank you for that assessment, Mr. Weasley. Perhaps it would be more useful if I were to transfigure Mr. Potter and yourself into a pocket watch. That way, one of you might be on time. Professor Albus Percival Wulfric Brian Dumbledore: I was unfortunate enough in my youth to come across a vomit-flavored one, and since then I have rather lost my liking for them. But, I think I could be safe with a nice toffee. (eats it)...Hmm, alas, earwax. Hermione Jean Granger: (in the Devils Snare) Stop moving, both of you. This is a devils snare! You have to relax. If you dont, itll only kill you faster! Ronald (Ron) Bilius Weasley: Kill us faster? Oh, now I can relax! Harry James Potter: So light a fire!Hermione Jean Granger: Yes... of course... but theres no wood!Ronald (Ron) Bilius Weasley: HAVE YOU GONE MAD! ARE YOU A WITCH OR NOT! Book 2: Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Ronald (Ron) Bilius Weasley: A Study of Hogwarts Prefects and Their Later Careers. That sounds fascinating. Fred Weasley 1st Twin: Oh get out of the way, Percy. Harrys in a hurry.George Weasley 2nd Twin: Yeah, hes off to the Chamber of Secrets for a cup of tea with his fanged servant. Ronald (Ron) Bilius Weasley: Why spiders? Why couldnt it be follow the butterflies? Ronald (Ron) Bilius Weasley: Can you believe our luck? Of all the trees we couldve hit, he had to get one that hits back. Draco Lucius Malfoy: Sure you can manage that broom, Potter?Harry James Potter: Yeah, reckon so.Draco Lucius Malfoy: Got plenty of special features, hasnt it? Shame it doesnt come with a parachute in case you get too near a Dementor. (Crabbe and Goyle sniggered)Harry James Potter: Pity you cant attach an extra arm to yours, Malfoy. Then it could catch the Snitch for you. Book 3: Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Ronald (Ron) Bilius Weasley: Right, youve got a crooked sort of cross†¦ (consulting Unfogging the Future) That means youre going to have trials and suffering - sorry about that - but theres a thing that could be a sun†¦ hang on†¦ that means great happiness†¦so youre going to suffer but be very happy†¦Harry James Potter: You need your Inner Eye tested if you ask me†¦ Professor Remus  John  Lupin: Now repeat after me - without wands please - repeat after me, Riddikulus.Class: Riddikulus!Professor Remus  John  Lupin: And again!Class: Riddikulus!Draco Lucius Malfoy: This class is ridiculous. Hermione Jean Granger: Ancient Egyptians used to worship cats, you know.Ronald (Ron) Bilius Weasley: Yeah, along with the dung beetle. Professor Sybill Trelawney: The study of Divination will give you the rare gift of SIGHT! (stands up, and promptly bumps into her table) Professor Sybill Trelawney: Would anyone like me to help interpret the shadowy realms within their orb?Ronald (Ron) Bilius Weasley (whispering to Harry James Potter): I dont need help. Its obvious what this means. Theres going to be loads of fog tonight. Ronald (Ron) Bilius Weasley to Peter Pettigrew (with revulsion): I let you sleep in my bed! Book 4: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Fred Weasley 1st Twin: Anyone can speak Troll. All you have to do is point and grunt. Ronald (Ron) Bilius Weasley: Dont talk to me.Hermione Jean Granger: Why not?Ronald (Ron) Bilius Weasley: Because I want to fix that in my memory forever†¦Ronald (Ron) Bilius Weasley (his eyes closed): Draco Malfoy, the amazing bouncing ferret... Percy Ignatius Weasley: I shudder to think what the state of my in-tray would be if I was away from work for five days.Fred Weasley 1st Twin: Yeah, someone might slip dragon dung in it again, eh, Perce?Percy Ignatius Weasley: That was a sample of fertilizer from Norway! It was nothing personal!Fred Weasley 1st Twin: (whispering to Harry Potter): It was. We sent it. Hermione Jean Granger: You seem to be drowning twice.Ronald (Ron) Bilius Weasley: Oh, am I? Id better change one of them to getting trampled by a rampaging Hippogriff. Ronald (Ron) Bilius Weasley: Poor old Snuffles. He must really like you, Harry†¦ Imagine having to live off rats. Book 5: Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Luna Lovegood: No, I think Ill just go down and have some pudding and wait for it all to turn up... It always does in the end. Book 6: Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince Professor Albus Percival Wulfric Brian Dumbledore: Let us not deprive Molly any longer of the chance to deplore how thin you are. Book 7: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Peeves: We did it, we bashed them, wee Potters the one. And Voldys gone moldy, so now lets have fun! Fred Weasley 1st Twin: He can run faster than Severus Snape confronted with shampoo. Enid Smeek: Shes nutty as squirrel poo. Auntie Muriel Weasley: You there, give me a chair, Im a hundred and seven!

Psychology assignment-Work for Pay and Work at Home Essay

Psychology assignment-Work for Pay and Work at Home - Essay Example on, feeding child, etc†¦): I am the one who has gotten our son into after school daycare, and I take the lead when it comes to our son and his school and childcare. Who is responsible for keeping track of social responsibilities and engagements (birthdays, anniversaries, etc†¦): I keep track of all the important dates, like anniversaries and birthdays. John has trouble remembering dates. Do you rely on hired help for any of the household chores mentioned (nanny, housekeeper, etc†¦): If we could afford it, I’d love to hire a housekeeper, but since we can’t, we don’t rely on anyone else. As I said, I do most of the chores in the household. What adjustments, if any, did you make regarding these tasks when you became parents: I have taken on the caretaker role, so my workload doubled when I became a mother. Not only do I feel responsible for the chores, but also when our son was born, I became the primary caregiver for him. What seems to work best about this arrangement and does it work well: This arrangement works only because I keep everything in order. I think if I didn’t, the family would fall apart with disorganization and couldn’t function properly. On a scale from 1 to 10, 1 being very dissatisfied and 10 being very satisfied, how would you rate your level of satisfaction with these arrangements: I would rate this arrangement as a 4 because I feel overworked and stressed. What arrangements have you and your partner made for household repairs (plumbing, painting, etc†¦): I do all the household repairs. I can fix just about anything and I’m not going to pay a plumber or someone else to do the work when I can do it just as well as they can. What arrangements have you and your partner made for childcare (supervision, feeding child, etc†¦): Our son is school aged, and then goes to a community daycare after school. Jane takes care of all of that kind of thing. If your child is sick and unable to attend daycare or school, who

Evaluating Website's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evaluating Website's - Essay Example Even before this, though, they should realize that the information they are getting is only as good as the source providing it. By developing a strong sense of what comprises a credible website from those that are less credible; one can base important decisions such as which career path to follow on reasonably reliable information given through a strong website. There are a number of ways in which a website can establish its credulity, reassuring users that the information they provide is trustworthy. A three-year study conducted by Stanford University resulted in the development of 10 guidelines to use when evaluating websites (Fogg, 2002). The first guideline is to check to see if the information offered is backed up with third party sources and whether those sources are accessible. If they are, another guideline is to look at those sources to see if they, too, have some degree of credibility whether they are other websites or individual ‘experts’ in their fields. A website with ‘in-house’ experts should make this expertise known. If the website is offered by a reputable organization, with a real physical address and contact information, this also points to a more reliable source (Fogg, 2002). The organization should be easy to reach if the user has questions and the site should be easy to use rather than attempt ing to dazzle with confusing effects. The content of the site should be updated often, be relatively free of annoying promotional material and be free of spelling or other small errors. The Riley Guide meets much of these criteria. It establishes its credibility by claiming to have been in the business since 1994 and it provides information about the site author, Margaret Dikel. It also features a number of testimonials from businesses and competitors verifying its accuracy and usability. The site is comprised almost entirely of links that provide access to

Identifying terms Essay Example for Free

Identifying terms Essay Oppression The definition of oppression is broad as it encompasses many subgroups but according to Hurtado (1989), oppression is caused by society’s view that men, both white and of color, are more powerful then women. Oppression is not classified only by gender differences but other societal groups as well. Gender is only one category of many, such as, race and ethnicity. Social class is another category is which the wealthy have oppressed the poor. An example of this would be the opportunities for wealthy Americans to afford housing and health insurance and the job opportunities afforded them. Many women of color, African American, Asian, and Hispanic are found to be working in low wage jobs more often then white women. The minorities are unable to receive the same educational and financial benefits as the majority and so they must settle for less. Economic differences can be found between white men and white or colored women, colored men and colored women, and white women and women of color. This difference represents the different levels of oppression, with white men being the top oppressors. In today’s society, most oppression is seen in social class. As the wealthy are getting richer, the poor are getting poorer and the middle class is slowly being wiped out. Therefore the poor are at the mercy of the rich. Beyond Bean Counting The United States has become obsessed with classifying society into subgroups, causing each group to have a stereotypical value. Lee (2001) wrote of her personal experience with her growth and understanding of feminism. Bean counting is considered the attempt to classify people according to class, gender, ethnicity or sexual orientation (2001). Bean counting is marginalization, considering certain societal groups as inferior or as being limited as to their abilities. Women, and especially women of color, have been marginalized throughout history, by being considered the fairer sex. Different ethnic groups have excluded one another by not recognizing their similarities and accepting their differences. Lee (2001) explains that by bean counting women are causing immobilization and narrow thinking. Seduction and Rejection White men are socialized into believing women are inferior, however they are also taught that white women, though inferior, are an appropriate choice for relationships (Hurtado, 1989). This socialization causes the oppression of women; especially women of color because they are seen as a deviation from the norm and they are then excluded from the many rights given to those who fit the norm. White men and women tend to have a better chance at a good education, financial assistance etc. however colored men and women do not share the same good fortune, they are rejected from the benefits that white men or women can receive. Heterosexuality as a Modern Invention Lorber (1992) explains in her article that women and men were not seen as biologically different pre-eighteenth century and once that difference was established women began to suffer gender inequalities. Society has become two classes; men and women, which has created gender stereotypes of each. Today’s society compares women to the abilities of men because society see’s women as so biologically different than man; and thus inferior. Heterosexuality categorizes men and women as seen as the norm. Compulsory Heterosexuality Compulsory heterosexuality is the assumption that men and women are naturally attracted to one another and to defy the norm is deviant behavior. Lee (2001) describes this â€Å"norm† as excluding many other groups in society. As Lorber (1992) explains, society has created social differences between men and women and with that, ideals which consider heterosexuality to be the right way. This has caused homosexual individuals to be discriminated against. Any person not practicing the â€Å"norm† is considered wrong and therefore has fewer rights than others. Homosexual or bisexual women are forced to compete not only with men being superior, but also heterosexual women. Women of color are in even fiercer competition for their rights, as they are seen as in society as inferior to white women, heterosexual women, men of color and heterosexual men.

Pirates terror of the high seas :: essays research papers

I. Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. Argggggghhhhhhhhh!!!!!!! Ahoy me mates and welcome to the world of pirates.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. through the next few minutes I will be informing ye about pirates and their rage on the high seas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  C. We will be talking about pirates, their ships, weapons, and a few famous ones at that.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  D. I myself have been interested in pirates since I was a wee lad.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. Ships   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Galleon   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. â€Å"The Spanish Galleon was the great prize ship for pirates.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (History of Pirates)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Spanish armada used these ships to export gold from the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Americas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  b. Weight of cannons was concentrated to center part of the ship.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Used for stability.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  c. Meant to cross the Atlantic in large convoys.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. Sloop   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. â€Å"The ancestors of the modern yacht.† (History of Pirates)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  b. Favored among pirates because of its agility.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. Pirates relied on bluff and surprise.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  c. Pirates of the Caribbean used these ships.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Best sloops were built in Bermuda and Jamaica.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3. Men-O-War   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. Ship Of the Line   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. â€Å"Main battle ship of a Navy†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. Largest of Men-O-War.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3. Carried between 32 to 144 guns.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  b. Frigate   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. â€Å"Was the midsized Man-O-War†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. Had three masts but was conciderable smaller than the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ship Of the Line.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3. Had one gun deck, but kept other cannons on the spare   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   deck.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  c. Corvette   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. â€Å"sometimes called a ‘sloop of war’†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. had her guns arranged on a single deck.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3. had the ability to maneuver easily.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4. Now we must cover the terror they unleashed with their weapons.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. Weapons   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Cutlass   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. â€Å"A rough heavy broad blade† (History of Pirates 107)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  b. Shortness of the blade was an advantage when fighting aboard   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   a ship.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  c. Was a great hacking weapon due to its curved blade and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   heaviness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  d. Was often used as a tool as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. Blunderbuss/pistols   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. â€Å"more like a hand-held cannon then a rifle†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (History of Pirates 113)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  b. Ranged in length from about 14 to 30 inches.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  c. When used in close range it could kill about seven people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  d. â€Å"Pirates prized pistols above all other weapons†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (History of Pirates 115)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  e. Pirates used to carry several pistols hanging on a sash into battle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  f. they were usually loaded from the barrel of the gun with   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   prepared shoot powder and bullets.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3. Cannons   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. ranged in different sizes by being called pounders.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  b. could range from 2 to 32 pounders on board a ship   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  c. swivel guns were mounted on the poop deck to stop boarders.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  d. the main cannons were mounted on rolling carts and strapped

Codes of practice and guidance Status Essay

Definitions – equality, equality of opportunity, diversity, different types of discrimination (direct, indirect etc); equality legislation (UK, EU, the international picture); human rights legislation; coverage of legislation: employees, customers, stakeholders; industry requirements eg. public sector; conflicts eg. between law and religious or cultural beliefs Codes of practice and guidance Status of guidance and codes of practice ie. voluntary, required; industry standards or requirements eg. public sector requirements Benefits Benefits of equality and diversity in workforce, benefits of equality and diversity in stakeholder/customer base Needs Needs and expectations of those inside the organisation, needs and expectations of those outside the organisation; fairness and justice, impact of prejudice and discrimination on groups and individuals 2. Understand the dynamics of leading and managing equality and diversity in an organisation Commitment Creating a language and culture of commitment; how the behaviour, actions and words of those within the organisation support commitment to equality and diversity; the importance of showing respect; leading by example Policies and procedures Policies and procedures for legal compliance, policies and procedures to meet organisational aims and commitment, writing equality and diversity policies, how to ensure procedures help to meet policy Communication Importance of communicating commitment, policies and procedures; training staff; raising awareness of staff and stakeholders. Ensuring suppliers are aware of commitment, policies and procedures eg. website designers, printers consider accessibility issues in terms of language, size of text; facilities management consider suitability of premises access and use etc .

A Description of Analytic Psychology

Advanced Counselling Skills Level 4 Assignment 0ne 1. Briefly describe Analytic Psychology www. jungclub-london. org C. G. Jung Analytical Psychology Club London. â€Å"Who looks outside, dreams, who looks inside, awakens,† The term ‘psychoanalyst' is currently used to cover all those facts and theories presented in the works of Freud, Jung, and Adler. However it is often recommended that it should be applied only to the theory and practice of Freud and his disciples, and that the theory and practice of Jung should be designated ‘Analytical Psychology', and that the theory and practice of Adler should be designated ‘Individual Psychology'.Psychoanalysis' in this broader sense covers both a set of theories and a set of practices. Analytic psychology is the analysis of the human mind, psyche and the unconscious, as well as the conscious components of the mind. It is thought that man's behaviour and his conscious states can be explained only by unconscious sourc es of motivation. What is common in the practice of the psychoanalytic schools is the use of special techniques for bringing these unconscious factors into light. The practice of psychoanalysis has grown out of the treatment of mental illness.In one sense, the practice of psychoanalysis is prior to the theories, since the theories first were developed from experiences from therapeutic practice. These theories have, however, been extended and enriched by material derived from other sources. Jung believed that the mind could be divided into unconscious and conscious parts. He felt that the unconscious mind was made up of layers. The personal unconscious is the part of the unconscious mind in which is stored each person's unique personal experiences and memories that may not be consciously remembered.Jung believed that the contents of each person's personal unconscious are organized in terms of complexes – clusters of emotional unconscious thoughts. One may have a complex toward s their mother or towards their partner. Jung referred to the second layer of unconsciousness as the collective unconscious. This level contains memories and behavioural predisposition's that all people have inherited from common ancestors in the distant human past, providing us with essentially shared memories and tendencies.People across space and time tend to interpret and use experience in similar ways because of â€Å"archetypes† – universal, inherited human tendencies to perceive and act in certain ways. During analytic therapy, Jung may use certain archetypes to explain person’s unconscious thoughts that in turn affect their outward behaviour. He believed that there are certain archetypes that are important in people's lives. These archetypes are as follows. The persona archetype is the part of our personality that we show the world, the part that we are willing to share with others.The shadow archetype is the darker part of a person, the part that embrac es what we view as frightening, hateful and even evil about ourselves – the part of us that we hide not only from others but also from ourselves. The anima is the feminine side of a mans personality, which shows tenderness, caring, compassion and warmth to others, yet which is more irrational and based on emotions. The animus is the masculine side of a woman's personality, the more rational and logical side of the woman.Jung posited that men often try to hide their anima both from others and from themselves because it goes against their idealized image of what men should be. According to Jung, archetypes play a role in our interpersonal relationships. For example, the relationship between a man and a woman calls into play the archetypes in each individual's collective unconscious. The anima helps the man to understand his female companion, just as the animus helps the woman to understand her male partners.Jung felt that the â€Å"self† – the whole of the persona lity, including both conscious and unconscious elements – strives for unity among the opposing parts of the personality. Jung distinguishes two differing attitudes to life, two ways of reacting to circumstances, which he finds so widespread that he could describe them as typical. The extraverted attitude, characterized by an outward personality, an interest in events, in people and things, a relationship with them, and a dependence on them. This type is motivated by outside factors and greatly influenced by the environment.The extraverted type is sociable and confident in unfamiliar surroundings. He or she is generally on good terms with the world, and even when disagreeing with it can still be described as related to it, for instead of withdrawing (as the opposite type tends to do) they prefer to argue and quarrel, or try to reshape it according to their own pattern. The introverted attitude, in contrast, is one of withdrawal of the personality and is concentrated upon perso nal factors, and their main influence is ‘inner needs'. When this attitude is habitual Jung speaks of an ‘introverted type'.This type lacks confidence in relation to people and things, tends to be unsociable, and prefers reflection to activity. Jung uses the term Analytical Psychology to describe his own approach, which is not only a way of healing, but also of developing the personality through the individuation process. Since individuation is not the goal of all who seek psychological help he varies his treatment according to the age, state of development, and temperament of his patients ‘ and does not neglect either the sexual urge or the will to power. 2. What were the life stages identified by Freud: ww. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud â€Å"At that time, the eel life cycle was unknown and Freud spent four weeks at the which he frequently demonstrated with patients on stage in front of an audience† Famed originator of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud crea ted a psychosexual model of human development based upon the erogenous zones of the body. He believed that as these zones matured neurologically, they activated the emotional world of the child (largely resident in the unconscious), and in the course of doing so, created the basis for later emotional health or mental illness in adulthood.The stages are as follows: Oral Stage of Psychosexual Development (ages 0-18 months) – At this stage, the infant is focused upon getting pleasure from its mouth, especially through breastfeeding, which may be a source of satisfaction or frustration for the baby. Anal Stage of Psychosexual Development (18 months – 3 1/2 years) – At this stage, the young child is fixated upon its own process of eliminating faeces, experiencing pleasure in the anal regions of the body, and reacting emotionally to attempts by parents or other caregivers to control this physical function through toilet training.Phallic Stage of Psychosexual Developme nt (3 1/2 years – 6 years) – At this stage, the penis or vagina is the source of erotic satisfaction for the child, and he or she fantasizes about getting pelvic pleasure with the opposite sex parent and aggressively doing away with the same sex parent (the Oedipal Crisis). Latency Stage of Psychosexual Development (6 years – puberty) – At this stage, the emotional surges of the previous three stages go into hiding for a few years as the child learns how to repress, project, introject, sublimate, and in other ways channel the psychosexual energies of their earlier development.Of Psychosexual Development (puberty – adulthood) – At this stage, the psychosexual instincts of the first three stages of development reassert themselves at puberty, but instead of being directed toward fantasy or the child's own body, are directed Genital Stage outward toward a genuine love relationship focused on heterosexual genital sex. The conscious mind includes everything that we are aware of. This is the aspect of our mental processing that we can think and talk about rationally.A part of this includes our memory, which is not always part of consciousness but can be retrieved easily at any time and brought into our awareness. Freud called this ordinary memory the preconscious. In Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality, the conscious mind includes everything that is inside of our awareness. This is the aspect of our mental processing that we can think and talk about in a rational way. The conscious mind includes such things as the sensations, perceptions, memories, feeling and fantasies inside of our current awareness.Closely allied with the conscious mind is the preconscious, which includes the things that we are not thinking of at the moment but which we can easily draw into conscious awareness the unconscious mind is a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that outside of our conscious awareness. Most of the contents of the unconscious are unacceptable or unpleasant, such as feelings of pain, anxiety, or conflict. According to Freud, the unconscious continues to influence our behavior and experience, even though we are unaware of these underlying influences.In Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality, the unconscious mind is a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that outside of our conscious awareness. Most of the contents of the unconscious are unacceptable or unpleasant, such as feelings of pain, anxiety, or conflict. According to Freud, the unconscious continues to influence our behaviour and experience, even though we are unaware of these underlying influences. The id is the only component of personality that is present from birth.This aspect of personality is entirely unconscious and includes of the instinctive and primitive behaviours. According to Freud, the id is the source of all psychic energy, making it the primary component of personality. The id is driven by the pleasure principle, which strives for immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and needs. If these needs are not satisfied immediately, the result is a state anxiety or tension. For example, an increase in hunger or thirst should produce an immediate attempt to eat or drink.The id is very important early in life, because it ensures that an infant's needs are met. If the infant is hungry or uncomfortable, he or she will cry until the demands of the id are met. However, immediately satisfying these needs is not always realistic or even possible. If we were ruled entirely by the pleasure principle, we might find ourselves grabbing things we want out of other people's hands to satisfy our own cravings. This sort of behaviour would be both disruptive and socially unacceptable.According to Freud, the id tries to resolve the tension created by the pleasure principle through the primary process, which involves forming a mental image of the desired object as a way of satisfying the need. The ego is the component of personality that is responsible for dealing with reality. According to Freud, the ego develops from the id and ensures that the impulses of the id can be expressed in a manner acceptable in the real world. The ego functions in the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious mind.The ego operates based on the reality principle, which strives to satisfy the id's desires in realistic and socially appropriate ways. The reality principle weighs the costs and benefits of an action before deciding to act upon or abandon impulses. In many cases, the id's impulses can be satisfied through a process of delayed gratification–the ego will eventually allow the behaviour, but only in the appropriate time and place. The ego also discharges tension created by unmet impulses through the secondary process, in which the ego tries to find an object in the real world that matches the mental image created by the id's primary process.The last component of personality to develop is the superego. The superego is the aspect of personality that holds all of our internalised moral standards and ideals that we acquire from both parents and society–our sense of right and wrong. The superego provides guidelines for making judgments. According to Freud, the superego begins to emerge at around age five. There are two parts of the superego: The ego ideal includes the rules and standards for good behaviours. These behaviours include those, which are approved of by parental and other authority figures.Obeying these rules leads to feelings of pride, value and accomplishment. The conscience includes information about things that are viewed as bad by parents and society. These behaviours are often forbidden and lead to bad consequences, punishments or feelings of guilt and remorse. The superego acts to perfect and civilize our behaviour. It works to suppress all unacceptable urges of the id and struggles to make the ego act upon idealistic standards rather that upon realistic principles. The superego is present in the conscious, preconscious and unconscious.With so many competing forces, it is easy to see how conflict might arise between the id, ego and superego. Freud used the term ego strength to refer to the ego's ability to function despite these duelling forces. A person with good ego strength is able to effectively manage these pressures, while those with too much or too little ego strength can become too unyielding or too disrupting. According to Freud, the key to a healthy personality is a balance between the id, the ego, and the superego. The term got its start in psychoanalytic therapy, but it has slowly worked its way into everyday language.Think of the last time you referred to someone as being â€Å"in denial† or accused someone of â€Å"rationalizing. † Both of these examples refer to a type of defense mechanism. In Sigmund Freud's topographical model of personality, the ego is the aspect of personality that deals with reality. While doing this, the ego also has to cope with the conflicting demands of the id and the superego. The id seeks to fulfill all wants, needs and impulses while the superego tries to get the ego to actin an idealistic and moral manner.What happens when the ego cannot deal with the demands of our desires, the constraints of reality and our own moral standards? According to Freud, anxiety is an unpleasant inner state that people seek to avoid. Anxiety acts as a signal to the ego that things are not going right. Frued identified three types of anxiety:Neurotic anxiety is the unconscious worry that we will lose control of the id's urges, resulting in punishment for inappropriate behavior. Reality anxiety is fear of real-world events. The cause of this anxiety is usually easily identified.For example, a person might fear receiving a dog bite when they are near a menacing dog. The most common way of reducing this anxiety is to avoid the threatening o bject. Moral anxiety involves a fear of violating our own moral principles. In order to deal with this anxiety, Freud believed that defense mechanisms helped shield the ego from the conflicts created by the id, superego and reality. 3. what factors determine a person’s behaviour according to watson: â€Å"Behaviourism †¦ holds that the subject matter of human psychology is the behaviour of the human being.Behaviourism claims that consciousness is neither a definite nor a usable concept. The behaviourist †¦ holds, further, that belief in the existence of consciousness goes back to the ancient days of superstition and magic†¦. The great mass of people even today has not yet progressed very far away from savagery – it wants to believe in magic†¦. Almost every era has its new magic, black or white, and its new magician. Moses had his magic: he smote the rock and water gushed out. Christ had his magic: he turned water into wine and raised the dead to li fe†¦. Behavioral psychology, also known as behaviorism, is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment. According to behaviorism, behavior can be studied in asystematic and observable manner with no consideration of internal mental states. There are two major types of conditioning:Classical conditioning is a technique used in behavioral training in which a naturally occurring stimulus is paired with a response. Next, a previously neutral stimulus is paired with the naturally occurring stimulus.Eventually, the previously neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response without the presence of the naturally occurring stimulus. The two elements are then known as the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response. Operant conditioning Operant conditioning (sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning) is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishment s for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. Behaviourism holds that only observable behaviours should be studied, as cognition and mood are too subjective.According to behaviourist theory, our responses to environmental stimuli shape our behaviours. Important concepts such as classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and reinforcement have arisen from behaviourism. In operant conditioning, the learner is also rewarded with incentives, while classical conditioning involves no such enticements. Also remember that classical conditioning is passive on the part of the learner, while operant conditioning requires the learner to actively participate and perform some type of action in order to be rewarded or punished. . list 6 examples of metaneeds and metapathologies: www. oaks. nvg. org/abraham-maslow. html â€Å"Metaneeds and metapathologies. Another way that Maslow approaches the problem of self-actual ization is to talk about special, driving needs† The basic psychological needs are the instinctive needs for the self-respect and self-esteem which provide the conditions for psychological growth and full personality development. The most urgent or ‘prepotent' is the need for freedom from fear and anxiety i. . the need for safety or ‘security'. Security needs which includes the need to strive for   perfection or ‘ideals' is communicated through loving care and affection of ‘unconditional love' i. e. the need for ‘belongingness'. The sense of belongingness is the basis for approval of one's identity and expectations for oneself – faith in oneself as ‘self-respect' or ‘self-esteem' i. e. the ‘ego needs'. Gratification of ego needs establishes a natural condition of self-identity  or ‘healthy ego'.The healthy ego involves a high evaluation of the self based on faith in one's potentialities, recognition and appreciat ion of one's personal achievements, competence and confidence in the sense of importance of one's status. This basic sense of worthiness leads to the sense of purpose – ‘self-directedness' or ‘self-discipline' – which is prerequisite to ‘spiritual growth' of complete ‘personality development' of maturity i. e. ‘self-actualisation. Self-actualisation is mature growth which involves the harmonising of psychic forces i. . ‘growth motivation'. Metaneeds are human motivations for spiritual growth of the human organism as a social organism†¦ subconscious needs for awareness of human values for living: ‘social values' or ‘human values'  Metaneeds are instinctive needs of the human organism as a social organism which depends for survival on human solidarity and social cooperation. Metaneeds are the survival needs of creative   socialisation – the higher psychological needs for personality integration.The metaneeds are the so-called ‘higher spiritual needs' – the ‘Being needs' (‘B-needs') for self-transcendence – the needs for truth, morality, goodness, beauty, perfection, justice, kindness, happiness, serenity, wisdom, love simplicity, lawfulness, and ego-transcendance etc. The metaneeds are equally urgent or ‘potent' and each can be defined in terms of the others. In the process of normal psychological growth the subconscious B-needs rise to the conscious level of awareness as the human values for living – the ‘social values' i. e. ‘Being-values' or ‘B-values' i. e. ‘human values'.In the transcendental realm, the being needs become the ‘being-values'. They are just as biologically based as are the so-called ‘lower needs' – the   obviously physiological needs of hunger and thirst. The transcendant, religious, esthetic, and philosophical facets of life are as real and intrinsic to human nature as any oth er biological needs. Each of the human values represents a different facet of the development of ‘moral conciousness' or ‘conscience'. As the source of human values the functions to maintain the integration of personality while adapting to changes in the socal environment.Development of conscience depends on gratification of metaneeds in a process of ‘spiritual growth'. Psychologist Abraham Maslow (1954) stated that human motivation is based on people seeking fulfilment and change through personal growth. Maslow described self-actualized people as those who were fulfilled and doing all they were capable of. By studying people he considered to be self-actualised (including Abraham Lincoln, Albert Einstein and William James). Maslow identified 15 characteristics of a self-actualised person (illustrated as a pyramide).For example: enjoyment of new experiences, sense of humour, close friendships, creativity etc. It is not necessary to display all 15 characteristics to become self-actualised, and not only self-actualised people will display them. Maslow did not equate self-actualisation with perfection. Self-actualisation merely involves achieving ones potential. Thus someone can be silly, wasteful, vain and impolite, and still self-actualise. Less than one percent of the population achieve self-actualisation. The hierarchy of needs include: Biological and Physiological needs – air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep, etc.Safety needs – protection from elements, security, order, law, limits, stability, etc. Belongingness and Love needs – work group, family, affection, relationships, etc. Esteem needs – self-esteem, achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, managerial responsibility, etc. Self-Actualisation needs – realising personal potential, self-fulfilment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences. 5. Describe the theories of Carl Rogers. How do you think his work is relevant t o the counselling you will undertake with your clients? www. simplypsychology. org/carl-rogers. tml â€Å"Carl Rogers believed that humans have one basic motive, that is the tendency to †¦ Central to Rogers' personality theory is the notion of self or Self-Concept† Theory of Personality Development Rogers' therapy was an extension of his theory of personality development and was known as client-centred therapy, since the basis of the therapy was designed around the client. According to Rogers each person has within them the inherent tendency to continue to grow and develop. As a result of this the individual's self-esteem and self-actualisation is continually influenced.This development can only be achieved through what Rogers refers to as â€Å"unconditional positive regard. In order for an individual to experience total self-actualisation the therapist must express complete acceptance of the patient. Roger's found that this was best achieved through the method of â₠¬Å"reflection†, in which the therapist continually restates what the â€Å"patient† has said in an attempt to show complete acceptance and to allow the patient to recognize any negative feelings that they may be feeling. Throughout the counselling session the therapist may make small interruptive remarks in order to help identify certain factors.For the most part the â€Å"patient† is allowed to direct the course of the session. Rogers began to use the expression â€Å"client† instead of â€Å"patient† due to the fact that the individuals that he was counselling did need help but not within the same regard that a medically ill person does. These individuals do not need to completely surrender themselves to a medical expert although they do need help. Today throughout the field of psychology it is a worldwide practice to address the individual as a client instead of a patient.Eventually throughout its development Rogers theory began to be known as â €Å"people-centred† due to its expansion beyond psychotherapy to such areas as education, marriage, leadership, parent-child relationships, and the development of professional standards. Within each branch that Rogers theory expanded to there were several basic elements that were applied to each. They were as follows: The individual comes for help. This is the most significant step within the steps of therapy. The individual has taken it upon himself to take the first step for help even if he does not recognize this as the reason he's there.The helping situation is defined. The client is made aware that the counsellor does not have the answers, but that with assistance he can, work out his own solutions to his problems. . The counsellor encourages free expression of feelings in regard to the problem. The counsellor provides the client with a friendly, interested, and receptive attitude, which helps to bring about free expression. The counsellor accepts, recognizes, and clarif ies negative feelings. Whatever the negative feelings are the counsellor must say and do things, which helps the client recognize the negative feelings at hand.When the individual's negative feelings have been expressed they are followed by expressions of positive impulses, which make for growth. The counsellor accepts and recognizes the positive feelings in the same manner as the negative feelings. There is insight, understanding of the self, and acceptance of the self along with possible courses of actions. This is the next important aspect because it allows for new levels. Then comes the step of positive action along with the decreasing the need for help. When I am counselling I would use the following teniques: Active listening as a listener I would show much interest.As the listener I would reflect back to the client and only speak to find out if what they said has been correctly heard and understood. I would watch my Body language and take into account my facial expressions, a ngle of my body, proximity of myself to another, placement of arms and legs. I need to monitor the tone of your voice – in the same way that I monitor my body language. I believe that Carl Rogers core conditions I would use such as Empathic understanding I feel this is important when counselling to make sure the client are simply understood – not evaluated, not judged, simply understood from their own point of view.As the facilitator I am real person, being what I say I am, entering into a relationship with the client without presenting a front or a facade, the client is much more likely to be effective. Being real and genuine. This means that feelings that the client is experiencing are available, available to their awareness that I am able to live these feelings, be them, and able to communicate if appropriate. It means coming into a direct personal encounter with the client, meeting the client on a person-to-person basis.Like Carl Rogers I believe that client â€⠀œ centred therapy is for me because it is a non-directive approach is very appealing on the face of it to many clients, because they get to keep control over the content and pace of the therapy. It is intended to serve them, after all. The therapist isn't evaluating them in any way or trying to â€Å"figure them out†. 6. How is attachment theory relevant to counselling? Briefly describe the strange situation test and its importance in attachment theory: www. wikipedia. rg/wiki/Attachment_theory â€Å"Attachment theory describes the dynamics of long-term relationships between humans. Its most important tenet is that an infant needs to develop a relationship† The relationship between a counselor and client is the feelings and attitudes that a client and therapist have towards one another, and the manner in which those feelings and attitudes are expressedThe relationship may be thought of in three parts: transference/countertransference, working alliance, and the real- o r personal-relationship.Another theory about the function of the counseling relationship is known as the secure-base hypothesis, which is related to attachment theory. This hypothesis proposes that the counselor acts as a secure-base from which clients can explore and then check in with. Secure attachment to one's counselor and secure attachment in general have been found to be related to client exploration. Insecure attachment styles have been found to be related to less session depth than securely attached clients. The professional boundary defines the extent and limitations of the relationship with your client.It preserves your client’s confidentiality and creates a ‘safe space’ for your client to reveal and explore personal issues. Boundaries are signified by the temporal and spatial routines of the counseling process: regular appointment times, consistent length of sessions and a dedicated counseling room. Attachment theory describes the dynamics of long-ter m relationships between humans. Its most important tenet is that an infant needs to develop a relationship with at least one primary caregiver for social and emotional development to occur normally.Attachment theory is an interdisciplinary study encompassing the fields of psychological, evolutionary, and ethological theory. Immediately after WWII, homeless and orphaned children presented many difficulties, and psychiatrist and psychoanalyst John Bowlby was asked by the UN to write a pamphlet on the matter. Later he went on to formulate attachment theory. Infants become attached to adults who are sensitive and responsive in social interactions with them, and who remain as consistent caregivers for some months during the period from about six months to two years of age.When an infant begins to crawl and walk they begin to use attachment figures (familiar people) as a secure base to explore from and return to. Parental responses lead to the development of patterns of attachment; these, in turn, lead to internal working models which will guide the individual's perceptions, emotions, thoughts and expectations in later relationships. Separation anxiety or grief following the loss of an attachment figure is considered to be a normal and adaptive response for an attached infant. These behaviours may have evolved because they increase the probability of survival of the child.

Recent Singapore History essays

Recent Singapore History essays Singapore, since it attained its independence on June 3, 1959, has been a thriving, trading nation. It had been controlled by the British, but after negotiations, was relinquished to self-autonomy with the understanding that it would remain a republic. Since then, it has reaffirmed its non-Communist stance and continued with progressive economic policies to the delight of the free world. Singapores modern history begins with its independence. It quickly drafted a Constitution, which called for a nine-member cabinet, drawn from the 51-member legislature, and a Prime Minister. An additional stipulation was that there had to be a Malay Head of State in the predominately Chinese population. In the first election, the PAP, or Peoples Action Party, won 43 seats in the legislature and its leader, Lee Kuan Yew, became Prime Minister. Sir William Goode, the former Governor, received the Malay position of Head of State. In 1961, Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman of Malay, proposed a closer cooperation between some of the Southeast Asian countries. Lee Kuan Yew supported this plan to have a central government that controlled defense, foreign affairs, and internal security. Backing for the merger was provided by a public referendum and on September 16, 1963, Malaysia, consisting of the Federation of Malaya, Singapore, Sarawak, and Northern Borneo, was established. Despite the overwhelming support for the merger, two years later, on August 9, 1965, Singapore withdrew from Malaysia. On September 21 of the same year, Singapore became a member of the United Nations. It also was joined into the Commonwealth of Nations on October 15. Singapore continued with the radical political changes and formed a republic on December 22 with Yusof bin Ishak as the first President. This struggling country with a myriad of races had now to restructure its economy and focus on its unsurpassed trading potential. Still in control, the predomina...

Free sample - Social Psychology. translation missing

Social Psychology. Social PsychologyIn the field of health psychology, an understanding on how biology, behavior and social context influence an individual’s or group’s health or illness is taken into account. In the last decade, the applicability of health psychology has been advanced and utilized the more, resulting in an increase in doubts cast by critics as to the importance and usefulness of cognitive psychology. Particular models that address memory aspects of visual and verbal information processing with minimal acknowledgement of any sensory modalities have come under heavy criticism. However, research in olfactory memory literature has rapidly expanded since the 1970’s and has risen beyond conventional memory research. Therefore, the literature herein examines principally on the Proustian characteristics of smell and the relationship between olfactory memory and other closely related types of memory. It is key to note that findings from research conducted on olfaction has been consequently used as a base for theories in other fields though caution must be applied so as not to base these general theories on narrowly researched databases. The chief objectives of the study are to investigate the relationship between olfaction and memory and the most remembered olfactory stimuli through a literature review of various articles. In Baddeley’s 1992 fifteenth Bartlett lecture; he expressed a long-standing commitment expressed by most experienced psychologists in devising theories aimed at encompassing data from diverse sources. He expressed that a theory in health psychology should be economical while giving a plausible account of existing findings that bring into light new discoveries in this field. These discoveries should in turn mold the theory through a â€Å"gradual, cumulative modification of the theory.† He further suggested that models should be applied over a wide range of situations or fields; that is scope rather than precision. This notwithstanding, research carried on the basis of findings presented from the Ebbinghaus and Bartlett traditions concentrates chiefly on verbal rather than visual cognition. However, there has been little contemporary support in literature such as in Morris Gruneberg, 1994 which attempted to inspect whether theories and models in human memory, in referen ce to modality, relate to memory phenomena in other sensory modalities such as touch, taste, or smell. Comprehensive reviews carried out on olfactory cognition and its influence by the conven ­tional memory literature such as Richardson Zucco, 1989 and Schab, 1991 shows an interesting analysis and relation to new research areas. The relationship between olfaction and memory can best be illustrated by perception of smell and the triggering of a long-forgotten event. A perfume may remind someone of a long forgotten person. Research carried out by Engen in 1987 claimed that odor memory does not trigger short-term memory which has been contradicted by the 1997 White and Treishman report. Although evidence of olfactory primacy under which stimuli presented at the beginning of a study is best remembered through rehearsal, the report provides a strong base in evidence presented for recency in olfaction. White and Treisman argued on the basis that olfactory memory is a result of individuals assigning assign verbal meanings to olfactory stimuli. The study further claims that olfactory sense is a crucial sense in animals. This is further supported by evidence presented on the existence of peripheral olfactory memory in imprinted salmon which was carried out by Nevitt et. al in 1994. The study found out that the  "remark honing ability of salmon relies on olfactory cues though its cellular basis is unknown.† The role of peripheral olfactory receptors in odorant memory retention was done through imprinting Coho salmon with phenyl ethyl alcohol. This study verified that there was an increased preference for phenyl ethyl alcohol in salmon adults, therefore proving that some â€Å"component of the imprinted olfactory home stream memory appears to be retained peripherally.† The most remembered olfactory stimuli were investigated by Rabin Cain in 1984. The findings showed that memory was enhanced by familiarity and identifiability. Learning processes have been found to imprint olfaction especially in animals. Frances Darling and Burton Slotnick 1994 research in rats showed that they quickly learnt â€Å"to avoid licking at a drinking tube containing an odorant and quinine hydrochloride†. Learning was quickly in response to the combination of odor and taste stimuli. Therefore, it was inferred the brain can be equipped with an olfactory memory mechanism. Rats had the capability to locate food through olfactory memory further supports the existence of an olfactory memory.    References Baddeley, A. (1992). The Fifteenth Bartlett Lecture. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 44, 1-31. G A Nevitt, A. H. (1994). Evidence for a peripheral olfactory memory in imprinted salmon. Seattle: Department of Zoology, University of Washington. Morris, P. E. (1994). Theoretical Aspects of Memory. London: Routledge. Rabin, M. D. (1984). Odor recognition: Familiarity, identifiability, and encoding consistency. J. Exp. Psychol.

McDonalds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

McDonalds - Essay Example People started being more dynamic, always on the road, changing customer taste and complex menus affected McDonalds’ ability to consistently deliver quality, service and value. Customers had to wait longer for special orders and they could notice changes in the standard originally set by McDonald. In response to these challenges, McDonald designed and implemented its new just-in-time kitchen system named ‘Made-for-You’. This kitchen is technically an overhaul of its previous kitchen designed to improve food quality, allows more menu items to be easily introduced and provide superior customer service. ‘Made-for-you’ mean whatever the customers have ordered is made just for them after they have ordered it. Nothing is prepared before the customer arrives. However, some components are prepared in advance. Its new system is based on five major criteria to succeed. First is service, which would take ninety seconds or less from ordering to delivery. Quality, which is second, is achieved by meeting high customer standards and food safety requirements. Third is food preparation, which should be easier to do right than wrong. Fourth are people. There should be increased job satisfaction, and finally profitability by reducing cost yet increasing customer satisfaction. New technology and extensive market research helped McDonalds developed a kitchen system that encompasses all of these operational and customer requirements. The company spent number of years exploring cooking technology, and holding technology where a component should be prepared in advance and kept in warming environment where it holds its temperature and moisture. McDonald’s ‘made-for-you’ kitchen system enables faster service to the customer. For example, when a customer places an order for a hamburger, it will show up on a screen and that would signal the crew to take a ban, put it through a special toaster up to 150 degree in eleven seconds. At that point, in time, the product is put on a rap various items added and finally meat is added from a special meat holding cabinet, and the product is rapped and presented to the customer. McDonald’s heated cabinet, called universal cabinet, was specifically designed for the made-for-you system. It enables them to handle all meat products for all of its sandwiches at temperatures that will be very much as if they have just come off the grills. In its new system, it also had a rapid speed toaster, which toast bans in only eleven seconds compared to twenty four seconds in the previous system. When an order is made, it is relayed to the kitchen and appears on the kitchen video monitor that is visible to the whole crew. Prior to the order, its computer system monitors customers’ traffic all the time in attempt to determine the flow orders. Computer can then detect times when business would increase and the types of food items ordered during these times. The computer then genera tes orders for the best selling items creating a buffer of items that are ordered in quick times this helps employees get a head during a rush. The computer also monitors employees output. Personal Opinion Changes in customers tastes and behaviors did bring challenges that initiated research carried out by McDonalds. These challenges might have brought negative impact to the business for sometime but in the end, it was an opportunity to conquer the world with new technologies. Several years of service gave it an edge over its competitors and through that it was